List of Tables and Figures
Foreword by John Gillingham
Preface
1. Introduction: Why they did it, When they did it, How they did it
Defining Europeanism
Methods: Argumentation, Scope and Research, Objects, Terminology
Turning points
Literature on European integration history
2. Europae Credimus: The Structures and Dynamics of Emotions in Early European Integration
Security and economics: Fears, regrets, and desires
National humiliation and insecurity
Anxiety and impatience about the nation’s place in the world
Transnational solidarity: Familiarity, trust, neighborly affection, kinship
Honor, values, and moral pride
New optimism and confidence
Pleasure: Belonging, success, pride of accomplishment, and purpose
Emotive Europeanism
Part I. “We Do”: Founding the European Economic Community
3. Europeanism from Fleeting Dream to Fleeting Reality
1945: No clean break with the past
First embraces after the war
Stalin squeezes West Europeans together
Giving up on Britain: Coal and steel and “Little Europe,” 1950-51
Conclusions: A Continental Europe
4. Stretching Trust for Germany: A European Defense Community, 1950-54
Cold War and old war: Whether to rearm Germany for Western defense
A European Political Community for the European Defense Community
The British public far from European union
Dutch governments for economic union
New French governments, less desire for European union
French opinion divided over the European army
Dutch relative comfort with West German arms
West German opinion between three stools: Europe, rearmament, reunification
Divided France rejects the EDC
Conclusions: National solidarity prevails
5. What is to be Done? Rearming the Germans
Angst for European union
Franco-German armies and alliances
The Western European Union
Franco-German accords
Reactions: France, Britain, Germany, Netherlands
6. What is to be Done? Europeanism in Search of a Home, 1954-1956
Europeanism unslaked
The Benelux proposals
The Beyen Plan
Euratom
Reactions
The Messina Conference
Common Market discussions
New French Leadership: Mollet and Pineau
Brussels talks and politicking in the Six
7. The Road to Rome: Negotiating the Common Market, 1956-1957
Negotiating the Common Market
The Treaty of Rome
British worries and the Free Trade Area proposal
The Six bask in their success
Conclusions: Mutual interests and reciprocal affection
Part II. Staying Married: Implementing the Treaty of Rome
8. The Uncertain Community, 1957-1958
Divergences in trade and economics
Britain’s assault: The Free Trade Area and the Fourth Republic
France 1958: Crisis and recovery
Charles de Gaulle rejects Britain
De Gaulle stabilizes French finances
Consummation: The customs union and the rest of Europe
Britain out, France restored
Conclusions: Cautious Relief
9. Clinching the Community: Multiplying Transactions, Familiarity, Comfort, Success, 1958-1962
Inside Italy and Germany
The ambitious Hallstein Commission
Unexpected ease in the customs union, 1958-1959
From impasse to accord on List G
The Community’s acceleration in 1960-61
The EEC ascendant in Western Europe
Interweaving trade and economics in the customs union, 1961-1962
The marginalization of social policy and of the free movement of labor
Standoff over the Common Agricultural Policy
Conclusions: Systemic Europeanism blossoms
10. The Emotional Battle over Charles de Gaulle’s Europe des états
De Gaulle’s slow start in 1959
De Gaulle’s excitement in 1960
De Gaulle patiently weathers distrust
The doomed Fouchet Plans: De Gaulle assertive, Netherlands negative
Consolation prize: The Franco-German Elysée Treaty of 1963
Conclusions: Systemic Europeanism stays with the EEC
11. Britain Coolly Approaches the Common Market, 1959-1963
Britain in limbo, 1959-1961
Macmillan’s application and divided reactions in Britain and Europe
The negotiations bog down
Fundamental differences: Commercialism, Europeanism, rupture
Britain missed its chances
12. After the Veto: European Sentiments and Hard Thinking
Britain: Economic frustrations, European nonchalance
France versus France
Dutch fury
German disappointment
Conclusions: Europeanism deflated in spirit, steadfast in purpose
13. Franco-German Feuds and Friendship, 1963-1966
Erhard’s quixotic political organization of Europe
Pitchforks and cargo ships: Community agriculture, the GATT, and France’s “secret weapon”
Conclusions
14. Some Limits of Europeanism, 1965-1966
Commission ambitions, agriculture billions
Hallstein inspires, Hallstein rankles
The Empty Chair Crisis
The Luxembourg Compromise
Footing the bill: Systemic integration in CAP finance
Europeanism bound, Europeanism entrenched: The state of European union in the EEC in 1966
Conclusions: One for All, and All for All
Prerequisites: Substantial systemic integration plus Cold War pressures
Corequisites: Shared interests
Unique causes in emotive Europeanism of the Six
Deepening systemic and emotive Europeanism in the EEC
Conclusions outline
Epilogue: Europeanism is Not What It Used To Be
From 1966 to the euro
The “constitution” and eastward expansion
The present: Not a crossroads for integration
The future of European union
Afterword I. Interests, Emotions, and Systems
The missing element: Emotions and models in the social sciences
A unifying formula of politics: p = f ∙ s
Afterword II. Europe’s Hard Lessons for Establishing Peaceful International Communities
Appendix A Chronologies: Europe, the customs union, the Common Agricultural Policy
Appendix B National data on religion
Appendix C National election results, 1945-1969: France, Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands
Appendix D Export markets before the EEC, Six inside and eight outside, 1950-1957
Appendix E ECs and EU budgets, 1958-2007
Appendix F Net national budget contributions to the European Communities, 1976-2007
Appendix G Charles de Gaulle’s press conference speech of January 1963
Appendix H The EEC and the unrelated halt of its members’ economic gains over their neighbors, before and after 1958
Appendix I Public opinion on EC / EU membership, 1973-2008
Appendix J Agriculture’s share of the labor force
Archives and Interviews
Newspapers
Bibliography
Index and abbreviations
Tuesday, October 20, 2009
List of Tables and Figures
Figure 1.1 Feelings if the European Community were to be scrapped, 1971-75
Figure 1.2 A spectrum of measures of mass solidarity
Figure 2.1 Military and economic fears, 1956 and 1966
Figure 2.2 National pride and insecurity, mid-1956 and mid-1966
Figure 2.3 “Which nations would you rank as the five most powerful in the world today, in order of importance?”
Table 2.1 “Which nations would you rank as the five most powerful in the world today, in order of importance?”
Figure 2.4 “Which changes do you foresee in this ranking by the end of the century?”
Table 2.2 “Which changes do you foresee in this ranking by the end of the century?”
Table 2.3 “Do you think it is important for this country [Britain] to be a leading world power?”
Figure 2.5 Fears and Aspirations, Nation’s Place in the World, 1956 & 1966
Figure 2.6 Solidarity feelings by four countries for five countries and the British Commonwealth, mid-1956 and mid-1966
Figure 2.7 Emotive Europeanism and federalism, mid-1956 and mid-1966
Figure 2.8 Enthusiasm, Comfort, and Attachment to the EEC System as such, 1957 and spring 1966
Figure 2.9 Emotive Europeanism by Party, 1966
Table 2.4 Emotive Europeanism by Party, 1966
Table 3.1 Five countries’ feelings toward Germans
Table 3.2 Germany’s future – peaceful or belligerent? (five countries)
Table 3.3 “What do you think of the idea of a ‘United States of Europe’?” (1947)
Table 3.4 “Can you say what the expression ‘United States of Europe’ means to you?” (1947)
Table 3.5 Public opinion having formed impressions of a United States of Europe (1947)
Table 3.6 Which countries belong in European union? (Neth. and France)
Table 3.7 Anglo-French opinions on different forms of European unity (Feb. 1948)
Table 3.8 The Schuman Plan and public opinion, 3 countries (1950 - Jan. 1952)
Table 3.9 “Are you in favor of or against (name of [respondent’s] country) taking part in the Schuman plan?” four countries (Sep. 1952)
Table 3.10 Opinion on the Schuman Plan subsequent to pollster’s elaboration
Figure 4.1 Dutch public opinion and European integration, 1953
Table 4.1 Dutch public opinion and European integration, 1952-53
Table 4.2 West German public opinion on German sovereignty vs. European union
Table 4.3 French opinion on European union, 1948-57
Figure 4.2 Four-nation comparison of public opinion on European integration in various forms
Table 4.4 Four-nation comparison of public opinion on European integration in various forms
Table 4.5 French public opinion on the effects of rearming Germany
Table 4.6 Dutch opinion about Germans
Figure 4.3 West German opinion and a European army
Table 4.7 West German opinion and a European army
Table 5.1 French public opinion on the union of Europe
Table 5.2 Polling on a Western European government, four countries
Table 5.3 Opinions on West German participation in West European defenses
Table 6.1 French public support for European union, by party preference
Table 7.1 Public approval of the Common Market, three countries
Figure 7.1 Public approval of the Common Market, three countries
Table 7.2 Public opinion on the Common Market’s effects on standards of living
Table 7.3 Public opinion on the Common Market’s effects on European federation
Figure 7.2 Popular French feelings about Britain and Germany, 1954-57
Table 7.4 Popular French feelings about Great Britain and West Germany, 1954-57
Table 7.5 Popular French feelings about West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer
Figure 7.3 Popular West German feelings about France and Great Britain
Table 7.6 Popular West German feelings about France and Great Britain
Table 7.7 Popular British feelings about France and West Germany
Figure 7.4 Popular British feelings about France and West Germany
Table 8.1 Expectations of Common Market and Free Trade Area success, respectively
Table 9.1 Knowledge of the Common Market’s existence, four countries, 1957-1963
Table 9.2 Approval of Common Market membership, three countries, 1962
Table 9.3 Why unite Europe? Six nations, early 1962
Table 10.1 Germans on the plausibility of permanent friendship with France, 1955-62
Table 11.1 British exports, Europe and Commonwealth, 1956 and 1962
Table 11.2 British opinion on joining the Common Market, Jun.-Sep. 1961
Table 11.3 Public opinion on supranationalism in four countries, 1962
Table 11.4 “If there were a General Election tomorrow, how would you vote?” Britain, 1960-62
Figure 11.1 British polling data on joining the Common Market as a function of polling question phrasing
Figure 11.2 British opinion on joining the Common Market, 1961-62
Table 11.5 British opinion on joining the Common Market, 1961-62
Table 11.6 Opinions of American foreign policy in four countries, 1956-63
Figure 11.3 Opinions of American foreign policy in four countries, 1956-63
Figure 11.4 Opinions of American foreign policy in four countries, 1958
Table 12.1 “What do you think is better for the future: If we [Germans] cooperate in foreign policy more with France or more with England?”
Table 12.2 “With which countries should we [Germans] cooperate as closely as possible?”
Table 12.3 For an integrated Europe “independent of” or “in close partnership with” the U.S.? Four countries, Feb. 1963.
Table 12.4 National opinion on three forms of European integration, four countries, early 1963
Table 13.1 Wheat harvest volume and productivity, 1938-1959
Table 13.2 Annual national wheat consumption and production, 1960
Table 13.3 Nationally legislated price floors of soft wheat per metric ton, 1962-64
Table 14.1 “Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the performance of General de Gaulle as president of the Republic?”
Figure 14.1 Should Britain try again to join the Common Market? British polling, 1963-1965
Figure 14.2 West German opinions of Charles de Gaulle, 1962-1966
Table 14.2 Should Britain try again to join the Common Market? British polling, 1965-1966
Table 14.3 Opinions on supranationalism in three countries, 1968
Figure 16.1 Public opinion on whether European Community membership is a “good thing,” 1957-2008
Figure 16.2 What did “feeling European” mean in different countries, 1987?
Table A.1 Chronology of European integration and its global context, 1945-1968
Table A.2 Chronology of the EEC Customs Union, 1959-1970
Table A.3 Chronology of the Common Agricultural Policy as a function of Gaullist threats to the European Economic Community
Figure B.1 A crude comparison of self-identified religious affiliations in four countries
Table B.1 A crude comparison of self-identified religious affiliations in four countries
Table B.2 West German religion and voting behavior
Table C.1 Election results in France, 1945-1967
Figure C.1 Election results in France, 1945-1967
Table C.2 Election results in West Germany, 1949-1969
Figure C.2 Election results in West Germany, 1949-1969
Table C.3 Election results in the Netherlands, 1946-1967
Figure C.3 Election results in the Netherlands, 1946-1967
Table C.4 Election results in the U.K., 1945-1966
Figure C.4 Election results in the U.K., 1945-1966
Figure D.1 Exports to EEC countries as a percentage of GDP, 1950-56 ave. and 1957
Figure D.2 Exports to EEC countries and to the world as a percentage of total OEEC exports, 1950-1956 ave. and 1957
Table E.1 European Communities expenditures, 1958-2007
Figure E.1 European Communities expenditures, 1958-2007
Table F.1 Average annual per capita net ECs / EU receipts or contributions since the more recent of 1976 or accession, through 2007
Figure F.1 Average annual per capita net ECs / EU receipts or contributions since the more recent of 1976 or accession, through 2007
Figure F.2 Per capita net EU receipts or contributions, 2007
Figure F.3 Cumulative per capita net EU receipts or contributions since the more recent of 1976 or accession, through 2007
Figure F.4 Average annual national net ECs / EU receipts or contributions since the more recent of 1976 or accession, through 2007
Figure F.5 Total national net EU receipts or contributions since the more recent of 1976 or accession, through 2007
Table F.2 Inflation in the European Communities, 1958-2008
Table F.3 Net national budget receipts from (+) or contributions to (-) the European Communities and European Union, 1976-2007
Figure H.1 Annual GDP per capita in inflation-adjusted 2009 U.S. dollars, 1951-1970, the Six, W. Germany, comparison seven, and the U.K.
Figure H.2 Annual GDP per capita as a percentage of U.S. GDP per capita, 1951-1970, in U.S. dollars, the Six, W. Germany, comparison seven, and the U.K.
Figure H.3 Annual GDP per capita as a percentage of U.S. GDP per capita, 1951-1970, purchasing power parities (PPP), the Six, W. Germany, comparison seven, and the U.K.
Table H.1 Comparative growth in the EEC Six versus the comparison seven, as a function of the metric used
Figure H.4 Annual GDP per capita as a percentage of U.S. GDP per capita, 1951-2007, in U.S. dollars
Figure H.5 Annual GDP per capita as a percentage of U.S. GDP per capita, 1951-2006, in purchasing power parities
Table H.2 The abrupt deceleration and halt of EEC Six economic gains over their neighbors, 1956-61
Figure H.6 National GDP per capita differences over (+) or under (-) the weighted average GDP per capita in seven comparison countries, 1951-70, in US$
Figure H.7 National GDP per capita differences over (+) or under (-) the weighted average GDP per capita in seven comparison countries, 1951-70, in PPP
Table H.3 High vs. low exchange rate volatility, population sizes, and national economic performances, 1972-2006
Figure H.8 Economic performance correlated to population size, at turning points in exchange-rate volatility
Table H.4 Annual GDP per capita, for the Six, comparison seven, U.K., and U.S., in US$ (unadjusted) and PPP (in 1990 Geary-Khamis dollars), 1951-2007
Table H.5 United States annual inflation and multipliers to 2009 U.S. dollars, 1951-2008
Table I.1 EC / EU public support and opposition, per country, 1973-2008
Figure J.1 Agriculture as a percentage of national labor forces, 1950-2005
Figure 1.2 A spectrum of measures of mass solidarity
Figure 2.1 Military and economic fears, 1956 and 1966
Figure 2.2 National pride and insecurity, mid-1956 and mid-1966
Figure 2.3 “Which nations would you rank as the five most powerful in the world today, in order of importance?”
Table 2.1 “Which nations would you rank as the five most powerful in the world today, in order of importance?”
Figure 2.4 “Which changes do you foresee in this ranking by the end of the century?”
Table 2.2 “Which changes do you foresee in this ranking by the end of the century?”
Table 2.3 “Do you think it is important for this country [Britain] to be a leading world power?”
Figure 2.5 Fears and Aspirations, Nation’s Place in the World, 1956 & 1966
Figure 2.6 Solidarity feelings by four countries for five countries and the British Commonwealth, mid-1956 and mid-1966
Figure 2.7 Emotive Europeanism and federalism, mid-1956 and mid-1966
Figure 2.8 Enthusiasm, Comfort, and Attachment to the EEC System as such, 1957 and spring 1966
Figure 2.9 Emotive Europeanism by Party, 1966
Table 2.4 Emotive Europeanism by Party, 1966
Table 3.1 Five countries’ feelings toward Germans
Table 3.2 Germany’s future – peaceful or belligerent? (five countries)
Table 3.3 “What do you think of the idea of a ‘United States of Europe’?” (1947)
Table 3.4 “Can you say what the expression ‘United States of Europe’ means to you?” (1947)
Table 3.5 Public opinion having formed impressions of a United States of Europe (1947)
Table 3.6 Which countries belong in European union? (Neth. and France)
Table 3.7 Anglo-French opinions on different forms of European unity (Feb. 1948)
Table 3.8 The Schuman Plan and public opinion, 3 countries (1950 - Jan. 1952)
Table 3.9 “Are you in favor of or against (name of [respondent’s] country) taking part in the Schuman plan?” four countries (Sep. 1952)
Table 3.10 Opinion on the Schuman Plan subsequent to pollster’s elaboration
Figure 4.1 Dutch public opinion and European integration, 1953
Table 4.1 Dutch public opinion and European integration, 1952-53
Table 4.2 West German public opinion on German sovereignty vs. European union
Table 4.3 French opinion on European union, 1948-57
Figure 4.2 Four-nation comparison of public opinion on European integration in various forms
Table 4.4 Four-nation comparison of public opinion on European integration in various forms
Table 4.5 French public opinion on the effects of rearming Germany
Table 4.6 Dutch opinion about Germans
Figure 4.3 West German opinion and a European army
Table 4.7 West German opinion and a European army
Table 5.1 French public opinion on the union of Europe
Table 5.2 Polling on a Western European government, four countries
Table 5.3 Opinions on West German participation in West European defenses
Table 6.1 French public support for European union, by party preference
Table 7.1 Public approval of the Common Market, three countries
Figure 7.1 Public approval of the Common Market, three countries
Table 7.2 Public opinion on the Common Market’s effects on standards of living
Table 7.3 Public opinion on the Common Market’s effects on European federation
Figure 7.2 Popular French feelings about Britain and Germany, 1954-57
Table 7.4 Popular French feelings about Great Britain and West Germany, 1954-57
Table 7.5 Popular French feelings about West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer
Figure 7.3 Popular West German feelings about France and Great Britain
Table 7.6 Popular West German feelings about France and Great Britain
Table 7.7 Popular British feelings about France and West Germany
Figure 7.4 Popular British feelings about France and West Germany
Table 8.1 Expectations of Common Market and Free Trade Area success, respectively
Table 9.1 Knowledge of the Common Market’s existence, four countries, 1957-1963
Table 9.2 Approval of Common Market membership, three countries, 1962
Table 9.3 Why unite Europe? Six nations, early 1962
Table 10.1 Germans on the plausibility of permanent friendship with France, 1955-62
Table 11.1 British exports, Europe and Commonwealth, 1956 and 1962
Table 11.2 British opinion on joining the Common Market, Jun.-Sep. 1961
Table 11.3 Public opinion on supranationalism in four countries, 1962
Table 11.4 “If there were a General Election tomorrow, how would you vote?” Britain, 1960-62
Figure 11.1 British polling data on joining the Common Market as a function of polling question phrasing
Figure 11.2 British opinion on joining the Common Market, 1961-62
Table 11.5 British opinion on joining the Common Market, 1961-62
Table 11.6 Opinions of American foreign policy in four countries, 1956-63
Figure 11.3 Opinions of American foreign policy in four countries, 1956-63
Figure 11.4 Opinions of American foreign policy in four countries, 1958
Table 12.1 “What do you think is better for the future: If we [Germans] cooperate in foreign policy more with France or more with England?”
Table 12.2 “With which countries should we [Germans] cooperate as closely as possible?”
Table 12.3 For an integrated Europe “independent of” or “in close partnership with” the U.S.? Four countries, Feb. 1963.
Table 12.4 National opinion on three forms of European integration, four countries, early 1963
Table 13.1 Wheat harvest volume and productivity, 1938-1959
Table 13.2 Annual national wheat consumption and production, 1960
Table 13.3 Nationally legislated price floors of soft wheat per metric ton, 1962-64
Table 14.1 “Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the performance of General de Gaulle as president of the Republic?”
Figure 14.1 Should Britain try again to join the Common Market? British polling, 1963-1965
Figure 14.2 West German opinions of Charles de Gaulle, 1962-1966
Table 14.2 Should Britain try again to join the Common Market? British polling, 1965-1966
Table 14.3 Opinions on supranationalism in three countries, 1968
Figure 16.1 Public opinion on whether European Community membership is a “good thing,” 1957-2008
Figure 16.2 What did “feeling European” mean in different countries, 1987?
Table A.1 Chronology of European integration and its global context, 1945-1968
Table A.2 Chronology of the EEC Customs Union, 1959-1970
Table A.3 Chronology of the Common Agricultural Policy as a function of Gaullist threats to the European Economic Community
Figure B.1 A crude comparison of self-identified religious affiliations in four countries
Table B.1 A crude comparison of self-identified religious affiliations in four countries
Table B.2 West German religion and voting behavior
Table C.1 Election results in France, 1945-1967
Figure C.1 Election results in France, 1945-1967
Table C.2 Election results in West Germany, 1949-1969
Figure C.2 Election results in West Germany, 1949-1969
Table C.3 Election results in the Netherlands, 1946-1967
Figure C.3 Election results in the Netherlands, 1946-1967
Table C.4 Election results in the U.K., 1945-1966
Figure C.4 Election results in the U.K., 1945-1966
Figure D.1 Exports to EEC countries as a percentage of GDP, 1950-56 ave. and 1957
Figure D.2 Exports to EEC countries and to the world as a percentage of total OEEC exports, 1950-1956 ave. and 1957
Table E.1 European Communities expenditures, 1958-2007
Figure E.1 European Communities expenditures, 1958-2007
Table F.1 Average annual per capita net ECs / EU receipts or contributions since the more recent of 1976 or accession, through 2007
Figure F.1 Average annual per capita net ECs / EU receipts or contributions since the more recent of 1976 or accession, through 2007
Figure F.2 Per capita net EU receipts or contributions, 2007
Figure F.3 Cumulative per capita net EU receipts or contributions since the more recent of 1976 or accession, through 2007
Figure F.4 Average annual national net ECs / EU receipts or contributions since the more recent of 1976 or accession, through 2007
Figure F.5 Total national net EU receipts or contributions since the more recent of 1976 or accession, through 2007
Table F.2 Inflation in the European Communities, 1958-2008
Table F.3 Net national budget receipts from (+) or contributions to (-) the European Communities and European Union, 1976-2007
Figure H.1 Annual GDP per capita in inflation-adjusted 2009 U.S. dollars, 1951-1970, the Six, W. Germany, comparison seven, and the U.K.
Figure H.2 Annual GDP per capita as a percentage of U.S. GDP per capita, 1951-1970, in U.S. dollars, the Six, W. Germany, comparison seven, and the U.K.
Figure H.3 Annual GDP per capita as a percentage of U.S. GDP per capita, 1951-1970, purchasing power parities (PPP), the Six, W. Germany, comparison seven, and the U.K.
Table H.1 Comparative growth in the EEC Six versus the comparison seven, as a function of the metric used
Figure H.4 Annual GDP per capita as a percentage of U.S. GDP per capita, 1951-2007, in U.S. dollars
Figure H.5 Annual GDP per capita as a percentage of U.S. GDP per capita, 1951-2006, in purchasing power parities
Table H.2 The abrupt deceleration and halt of EEC Six economic gains over their neighbors, 1956-61
Figure H.6 National GDP per capita differences over (+) or under (-) the weighted average GDP per capita in seven comparison countries, 1951-70, in US$
Figure H.7 National GDP per capita differences over (+) or under (-) the weighted average GDP per capita in seven comparison countries, 1951-70, in PPP
Table H.3 High vs. low exchange rate volatility, population sizes, and national economic performances, 1972-2006
Figure H.8 Economic performance correlated to population size, at turning points in exchange-rate volatility
Table H.4 Annual GDP per capita, for the Six, comparison seven, U.K., and U.S., in US$ (unadjusted) and PPP (in 1990 Geary-Khamis dollars), 1951-2007
Table H.5 United States annual inflation and multipliers to 2009 U.S. dollars, 1951-2008
Table I.1 EC / EU public support and opposition, per country, 1973-2008
Figure J.1 Agriculture as a percentage of national labor forces, 1950-2005
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)