Table of Contents

List of Tables and Figures
Foreword by John Gillingham
Preface

1. Introduction: Why they did it, When they did it, How they did it
Defining Europeanism
Methods: Argumentation, Scope and Research, Objects, Terminology
Turning points
Literature on European integration history

2. Europae Credimus: The Structures and Dynamics of Emotions in Early European Integration
Security and economics: Fears, regrets, and desires
National humiliation and insecurity
Anxiety and impatience about the nation’s place in the world
Transnational solidarity: Familiarity, trust, neighborly affection, kinship
Honor, values, and moral pride
New optimism and confidence
Pleasure: Belonging, success, pride of accomplishment, and purpose
Emotive Europeanism

Part I. “We Do”: Founding the European Economic Community
3. Europeanism from Fleeting Dream to Fleeting Reality
1945: No clean break with the past
First embraces after the war
Stalin squeezes West Europeans together
Giving up on Britain: Coal and steel and “Little Europe,” 1950-51
Conclusions: A Continental Europe

4. Stretching Trust for Germany: A European Defense Community, 1950-54
Cold War and old war: Whether to rearm Germany for Western defense
A European Political Community for the European Defense Community
The British public far from European union
Dutch governments for economic union
New French governments, less desire for European union
French opinion divided over the European army
Dutch relative comfort with West German arms
West German opinion between three stools: Europe, rearmament, reunification
Divided France rejects the EDC
Conclusions: National solidarity prevails

5. What is to be Done? Rearming the Germans
Angst for European union
Franco-German armies and alliances
The Western European Union
Franco-German accords
Reactions: France, Britain, Germany, Netherlands

6. What is to be Done? Europeanism in Search of a Home, 1954-1956
Europeanism unslaked
The Benelux proposals
The Beyen Plan
Euratom
Reactions
The Messina Conference
Common Market discussions
New French Leadership: Mollet and Pineau
Brussels talks and politicking in the Six

7. The Road to Rome: Negotiating the Common Market, 1956-1957
Negotiating the Common Market
The Treaty of Rome
British worries and the Free Trade Area proposal
The Six bask in their success
Conclusions: Mutual interests and reciprocal affection

Part II. Staying Married: Implementing the Treaty of Rome
8. The Uncertain Community, 1957-1958
Divergences in trade and economics
Britain’s assault: The Free Trade Area and the Fourth Republic
France 1958: Crisis and recovery
Charles de Gaulle rejects Britain
De Gaulle stabilizes French finances
Consummation: The customs union and the rest of Europe
Britain out, France restored
Conclusions: Cautious Relief

9. Clinching the Community: Multiplying Transactions, Familiarity, Comfort, Success, 1958-1962
Inside Italy and Germany
The ambitious Hallstein Commission
Unexpected ease in the customs union, 1958-1959
From impasse to accord on List G
The Community’s acceleration in 1960-61
The EEC ascendant in Western Europe
Interweaving trade and economics in the customs union, 1961-1962
The marginalization of social policy and of the free movement of labor
Standoff over the Common Agricultural Policy
Conclusions: Systemic Europeanism blossoms

10. The Emotional Battle over Charles de Gaulle’s Europe des états
De Gaulle’s slow start in 1959
De Gaulle’s excitement in 1960
De Gaulle patiently weathers distrust
The doomed Fouchet Plans: De Gaulle assertive, Netherlands negative
Consolation prize: The Franco-German Elysée Treaty of 1963
Conclusions: Systemic Europeanism stays with the EEC

11. Britain Coolly Approaches the Common Market, 1959-1963
Britain in limbo, 1959-1961
Macmillan’s application and divided reactions in Britain and Europe
The negotiations bog down
Fundamental differences: Commercialism, Europeanism, rupture
Britain missed its chances

12. After the Veto: European Sentiments and Hard Thinking
Britain: Economic frustrations, European nonchalance
France versus France
Dutch fury
German disappointment
Conclusions: Europeanism deflated in spirit, steadfast in purpose

13. Franco-German Feuds and Friendship, 1963-1966
Erhard’s quixotic political organization of Europe
Pitchforks and cargo ships: Community agriculture, the GATT, and France’s “secret weapon”
Conclusions

14. Some Limits of Europeanism, 1965-1966
Commission ambitions, agriculture billions
Hallstein inspires, Hallstein rankles
The Empty Chair Crisis
The Luxembourg Compromise
Footing the bill: Systemic integration in CAP finance
Europeanism bound, Europeanism entrenched: The state of European union in the EEC in 1966

Conclusions: One for All, and All for All
Prerequisites: Substantial systemic integration plus Cold War pressures
Corequisites: Shared interests
Unique causes in emotive Europeanism of the Six
Deepening systemic and emotive Europeanism in the EEC
Conclusions outline

Epilogue: Europeanism is Not What It Used To Be
From 1966 to the euro
The “constitution” and eastward expansion
The present: Not a crossroads for integration
The future of European union

Afterword I. Interests, Emotions, and Systems
The missing element: Emotions and models in the social sciences
A unifying formula of politics: p = f ∙ s

Afterword II. Europe’s Hard Lessons for Establishing Peaceful International Communities

Appendix A Chronologies: Europe, the customs union, the Common Agricultural Policy

Appendix B National data on religion

Appendix C National election results, 1945-1969: France, Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands

Appendix D Export markets before the EEC, Six inside and eight outside, 1950-1957

Appendix E ECs and EU budgets, 1958-2007

Appendix F Net national budget contributions to the European Communities, 1976-2007

Appendix G Charles de Gaulle’s press conference speech of January 1963

Appendix H The EEC and the unrelated halt of its members’ economic gains over their neighbors, before and after 1958

Appendix I Public opinion on EC / EU membership, 1973-2008

Appendix J Agriculture’s share of the labor force

Archives and Interviews
Newspapers
Bibliography
Index and abbreviations